Train Surfing in Indonesia Essay Example for Free

Train Surfing in Indonesia Essay Train surfing is practised by many over various countries in the world. It involves riding on the outside of a moving train, and is considered illegal in many countries, but not all. The illegality or acceptance of the act is dependent on the demographics of the country, with it being considered a norm in the more destitute societies of the world (Nazam, 2010) , some of which consider it illegal, and an antisocial behaviour, and criminal activity in prosperous countries. The behaviour is innately dangerous and is associated with many risks including electrocution, falling and being crushed by the moving locomotive, all of which ultimately result in critical injury or death (Wisegeek, 2012). Despite these risks, and attempts to discourage individuals from engaging in the pursuit by authorities (Hannah, 2013), many continue to par-take in the activity for a multiplicity of reasons and attractions, which extend from economic reasons, to individual motives, such as thrill seeking. These variances in motivation across countries and amongst individuals may be explained by the criminological theories of Edgework (Lyng, 1990) ; and the Anomie-Strain Theory (Agnew, 1995) in association with Social Learning Theory (Bandura Mcclelland, 1977) . The motivations behind train surfing tends to be subjective to the culture of those who participate. In countries such as India, Africa and Indonesia, where the activity is quite prominent, those who train surf typically do so due to overpopulated trains, and in some cases, in order to avoid purchasing a ticket. In central Jakarta, during rush hour, when the platforms are swarmed with individuals pushing their way through the crowds in order to obtain a place on the next departing train, hundreds of individuals climb down from, and back up onto, the roof of the train (Morgan, 2013). Romie, who is amongst the crowd, claims that he must â€Å"train surf every day to get work. † Despite being aware of the risks associated he reveals â€Å"he has no choice – there are not enough seats inside during peak hour† (Morgan, 2013). Clearly, Romie reasons that he must engage in this activity due to the economic disadvantage of the country and lack of space on trains. This is consistent with the idea of Strain Theory, which posits that individuals engage in criminal activity due to an inability to satisfy conventional goals set by society (Agnew, 1994), and the justification that to attain these ambitions and conform to society, they must partake in criminal activity. Whilst Strain theory typically embodies the areas of crime which result in direct monetary benefit, such as theft, it is difficult to immediately ascertain said benefit from train surfing. However, the value exposes itself when it becomes understood that individuals such as Romie, must train surf as a means of transporting to work to satisfy these goals, which inherently may be associated with the Conformity aspect of Strain Theory (Merton, 1968). The phenomenon may be further understood with the consideration of Social Learning Theory (Bandura, 1977) in that by transporting on the outside of the vehicle, the negative stimuli of overcrowding during the trip is removed, and the act remains rewarded by the arrival to the destination at the same time as other commuters who have used the train in a legal manner. Typically Strain Theory may refer to a rapid upheaval and change in society and societal norms (Agnew, 2001), however, Merton (1968) elucidates a theory referred to as Social Structural Strain, which refers to the function of deviance in societies and culturally accepted views, versus accepted means. 23-year-old Ahmad Fauzi, an Indonesian man who, like Romie, train surfs in order to get to work, says I know its dangerous but theres no other choice. When the train is crowded its impossible to squeeze inside. (AFP, 2013). In these cases, ultimately, these individuals utilise the socially accepted means of public transport to travel to work, another socially and culturally accepted aspect of life in Jakarta. However, delving further into the public transport system and ideas about accepted goals versus accepted means, it is clear that the accepted goal in this case is use of the public transport system, and the accepted means being travelling within the vehicle.

Introduction of gatorade company

Introduction of gatorade company Abstract In this term paper I first give introduction of Gatorade Company and then its expansion into international market. The political, economic, social, technological, ecological and legal (PESTEL) environments of the company in India and Porters 5 forces model is also being discussed in this term paper. It also defines the opportunities in international market for Gatorades products, its market selection decision, pricing approaches of Gatorade product for Indian market. Introduction Gatorade is a brand of flavored non-carbonated sports drinks manufactured by the Quaker Oats Company, now a division of PepsiCo. Intended for consumption during physically active occasions, Gatorade beverages are formulated to rehydrate and replenish fluid, carbohydrates and electrolytes. Gatorade started in the summer of 1965 with the realization that the Florida Gators football players could not make it through practice without struggling. Many players reported being dehydrated and playing sluggish during team drills. So the physicians got together and determined what exactly the problem was. The athletics suffered from a back lack of electrolytes and carbohydrates, which was not being replenished with just water. The group of four physicians blended a drink that had perfect balance of carbohydrates and electrolytes. The drink would prove to help the Gator football team perform better on the field, so naturally they called the drink Gatorade. What happened next was rather remarkable because then players started performing better. They finished with a record of 7-4 that season and the next seasons they finished with a record of 9-2, winning the orange bowl for the first time in school history. Eventually, the drink moved into the professional leagues and the first team to adopt it was the Kansas City Chiefs. The chief has trouble practicing in the stifling heat of Missouris summer afternoons and they kept it on the side-lines the whole year. It resulted in the chiefs beating the heavily favoured Minnesota Vikings in super bowl sixth. Soon it become popular to have Gatorade on the side-lines and it started the sports drink category. By 1965, Gatorade had expanded its research in sports science by building the Gatorade sports science institute. The institute allows them to better understand the human body, its needs during the stress of competition and how to improve their products. Gatorade is the official sports drink of the National Football League Major League Baseball, National Basketball Association, Womens National Basketball Association, USA Basketball, National Hockey League, Association of Volleyball Professionals, US Soccer Federation, Major League Soccer, and many other pro or collegiate organizations, providing supplies of the drinks to the teams in all flavors available. Gatorade extended their market to the U.K., in 2008, and promoted this, in part, by becoming the sports drink provider for Chelsea F.C. Composition The original Gatorade contained water, sucrose (table sugar) and glucose-fructose syrups, citric acid, fish oil, sodium chloride (table salt), sodium citrate, monopotassium phosphate, and flavoring/coloring ingredients; some Gatorade flavorings use brominated vegetable oil as a stabilizer. Gatorade Thirst Quencher meets the Food and Drug Administrations definition of a low sodium product. Gatorade is available in a variety of flavors, including the original Lemon-Lime, Grape, Orange, and Fruit punch. In the past decade, several new formulations of Gatorade, including Rain, AM, Fierce and X-Factor, have been introduced with each only being minor tweaks of the original 1965 formula. Gatorade revealed the Gatorade line Energy Bar in 1999. This energy bar was Gatorades first foray into solid foods and was introduced to compete with PowerBar and Clif Bar. Gatorade Energy Bars contain a large proportion of protein, in addition to its carbohydrates. The bar is mainly made up of puffed grains and corn syrup, common components of other energy bars. Gatorades Products Original Gatorade Thirst Quencher Gatorade Fierce Gatorade Frost Gatorade Xtremo Gatorade Nutrition Shake Gatorade Energy Drink Gatorade Energy Bar Propel Fitness Water Propel is a lightly flavored water with essential vitamins and just 10 calories. Available in four natural flavors including Lemon, Berry, Black Cherry and Orange, Propel is currently the market leader in the rapidly growing fitness water category. PEST Analysis of Gatorade Company Political analysis for Gatorade: The government plays a role within the operation of manufacturing these products in terms of regulations. There are potential fines set by the government on companies if they do not meet a standard of laws. The following are some of the factors that could cause Gatorade companys actual results to differ materially from the expected results described in their underlying companys forward statement:- Changes in laws and regulations, including changes in accounting standards, taxation requirements, (including tax rate changes, new tax laws and revised tax law interpretations) and environmental laws in domestic or foreign jurisdictions. Changes in the non-alcoholic business environment. These include, without limitation, competitive product and pricing pressures and their ability to gain or maintain share of sales in the global market as a result of action by competitors. Political conditions, especially in international markets, including civil unrest, government changes and restrictions on the ability to transfer capital across borders. Their ability to penetrate developing and emerging markets, which also depends on economic and political conditions, and how well they are able to acquire or form strategic business alliances with local bottlers and make necessary infrastructure enhancements to production facilities, distribution networks, sales equipment and technology. Economic analysis for Gatorade: The economic stability in the target market facilitates an international marketers task. For example a recession creating increased activity at the lower ends of product price ranges. Rate of interest raises depressing business and causing redundancies and lower spending levels. Economic environment of India affects the international marketing decisions of Gatorade greatly. The economic conditions of a country such as the state of foreign exchange reserves and inflationary conditions also affect the openness of a countrys trade policies. In the recent years, the opening up of the Indian market has paved the way for import and distribution of consumer goods. However, it has put pressure on domestic firms to compete with international brands such as Gatorade, PowerAde etc. Social Analysis for Gatorade: Social change involves changing attitudes and lifestyles. Many Indian citizens are practicing healthier lifestyles. This has affected the non-alcoholic beverage industry in that many are switching to bottled water and diet sports drink instead of beer and other alcoholic beverages. The need for bottled water and other more convenient and healthy products (Gatorade sports drink) are in important in the average day-to-day life. Consumers from the ages of 37 to 55 are also increasingly concerned with nutrition. There is a large population of the age range known as the baby boomers. Since many are reaching an older age in life they are becoming more concerned with increasing their longevity. This will continue to affect the non-alcoholic beverage industry by increasing the demand overall and in the healthier beverages. Technological Analysis for Gatorade: The effectiveness of Gatorade Companys advertising, marketing and promotional programs are the factors which cause company actual result. They make some products look attractive. This helps in selling of the products. This advertising makes the product attractive. This technology is being used in media to sell their products. Introduction of cans and plastic bottles have increased sales for Gatorade as these are easier to carry and you can bind them once they are used. As the technology is getting advanced there has been introduction of new machineries all the time. Due to introduction of this machineries the production of the Gatorade company has increased tremendously then it was few years ago. Porters 5 forces model for Gatorade Company Rivalry among competitors: There is high competition for Gatorade Company because other Sports drink companies are also there which are providing the same tough competition to Gatorade. Rivalry is increasing, as the market decreases, and competitors downsize, the competitors become more or less equal in size and capacity. This means that as economic conditions worsen, competitors downsize and then compete for the same remaining market. Threats of new entry: The threat of new entrants is high in the Sports drink industry because many other companies are also coming in the same market in order to provide cut through competition to Gatorade. Threats of substitutes: Threats of substitutes is very high because many other forms of soft drinks are available in the market which is doing the same work as that of the Gatorade. Bargaining power of Buyers: The bargaining power of buyers is very high because many other sports drinks are also available in the market such as PowerAde so buyer if not satisfied with the product can switch to other companies products. Bargaining power of suppliers: The suppliers power is low for Gatorade Company because other player such as PowerAde of Coca Cola are also present in the market so the suppliers cannot charge high cost by the customers than its competitors. Current Products G Series and Elite Series In early 2010, Gatorade announced its latest marketing campaign, promoting its products as the G Series. Gatorade describes the G Series as a three-part regimen designed to fuel every step of its consumers athletic performance. The first part, Prime, includes a pre-game fuel with B vitamins, carbohydrates, and electrolytes to be taken before athletic performance. G Prime is described as coming soon on the companys website. The second part of the series, Perform, includes traditional Gatorade products such as Gatorade G, G2, and Gatorade powder. The third part of G Series, Recover, is described as the worlds first rehydrating protein drink and is designed for consumption immediately following athletic activity. In addition to the G Series, Gatorade also maintains a line of products called the Elite Series designed for serious athletes. Similar to the G Series, the Elite Series includes products for before, during, and after workouts, as well as All Day nutrition shakes. G2: Off the Field Hydration, Otherwise known as Gatorade 2 (G2), is a low-calorie electrolyte beverage that was launched in late 2007; G2 is currently available in six flavors: Orange, Fruit Punch, Lemon-Lime, Strawberry Kiwi, Blueberry-Pomegranate, and Grape. It is also labeled as a healthy choice beverage. It was the top new food product of 2008, generating the sales of $159.1 million. 2009 Rebranding In 2009, Gatorade began a massive rebranding, resulting in new names for most of their products; however, some products only had name changes: Original Gatorade was relabeled as Gatorade G Gatorade Rain was relabeled as No Excuses Other products were reformulated as well: Gatorade AM was relabeled Shine On, which now contains the addition of 20% RDV of Vitamin C per 8-oz. serving. Gatorade X-Factor was relabeled as Be Tough, which now contains the addition of 20% RDV of Vitamin E per 8-oz. serving. Gatorade Fierce was relabeled Bring It, which now contains the addition of 25% RDV of several B vitamins, including B3, B5 and B6. G2, which was not renamed, now contains the same added B vitamins as Bring It. G2s label was further redesigned at the end of 2009, giving it a silver label and a new slogan: Â ½ the Calories, All the G. Former Products Gator Gum In the late 1970s and early 1980s (as well as the late 90s to early 2000s), Gatorade sold a brand of chewing gum called Gator Gum. The product, manufactured by Fleer Corporation, was available in both of Gatorades original flavors (lemon-lime and orange) and was rather sour-tasting by normal chewing gum standards. In the late 1970s, Stokley-Van Camp (owner of Gatorade prior to 1983) negotiated a long-term licensing deal, with Swell and Vicks, to market Gator Gum. T he gum, which had no functionality or ingredients of Gatorade Thirst Quencher, was discontinued in 1989 after the contract expired. Mueller Sports, in Wisconsin, manufactures a gum called Quench; it is based on Gator Gum but is not the same as what Stokley-Van Camp created. Gator Gums foil packaging advertised that the product Helps Quench Thirst. However, like all chewing gums, the product would not actually rehydrate the body on its own but would, instead, only give the feeling of a wet mouth. However, it did contain electrolytes to assist the human body with the rehydration process. Competition of Gatorade with PowerAde Gatorades main competitive brand is POWERade, made by the Coca-Cola Company. PowerAde is the main competitor for Gatorade, others like all sport exist, but they do not present a challenge to Gatorade. The brand of PowerAde has essentially the same target market as Gatorade: 18-24 year old males who are engaged in athletics. However, PowerAde appears to be looking for the trendier types of consumers. Based upon their company website design, it seems as through PowerAde is trying to offer the attributes of having the cooler drink. PowerAde has a very interactive website compared to Gatorade, one can choose from 8 different varieties of musical beats that represent each unique flavour. The website also allows individuals who are visiting the site to put up their own thoughts about PowerAde. PowerAde does not have a good target market perception; they are considered a second place to Gatorade, PowerAde does not have the same quality of winning athletics that Gatorade has. They also lack scientific research behind their product without a research institute. The future for competition against Gatorade seems bleak. Gatorade owns the sports drink category and much can be done to stop them. Segmentation, Targeting Positioning Demographics The demographics of the Gatorade target market are active males, aged 18-25. They can be students, just starting their career, or well established, regardless of status the majority of them believe they are athletics. They grew up idolizing many different sports athletics and teams, which still have an influence. They make very wide variety of incomes because Gatorade is inexpensive. Education could vary also, most have at least high school level education and some have college experience. Their attitudes can vary a little, but most of them are competitive, care about sports and enjoy their perspective athletics endeavours. These types of consumers may also be interested in other sport-related clothing and accessories. They may be interested in items such as jerseys, hats, shoes or anything that will show off their allegiance to a team, sport or player. Advertisement TARGET MARKET: Athletes CURRENT SLOGAN: Is it in you? TYPES of ADS: commercials, web site, print, sponsorship, partnerships, promotion, etc. Endorsements Gatorade scored a slam dunk in 1991 when it tabbed Jordan to become its first athlete endorser. Although the sports drink brand already dominated store shelves, millions of people still have the Be like Mike jingle stuck in their head so many years later. Other Endorsers include, Mia Hamm Derek Jeter Vince Carter Peyton Manning Yao Ming Positioning of Gatorade Positioning is making unique identity in the mind of the prospective customers. Sports being Gatorades biggest focus, they brand themselves as the best sports drink for an athletics trying to reach their peak performance. They have done this through source credibility, by gathering a group of athletics like Peyton Manning, Dwyane Wade, Derek Jeter, Kevin Garnett and Michael Jordan. All of these athletics are memorable and influential to kids and adults, but Jordan has the most impact. Recent Programs Defeat the Heat Campaign to protect kids from heat illness After a 10 year old boy collapsed on a sports field, he and his mom helped initiate Defeat the Heat which was sponsored by Gatorade, National Athletic Trainers Assoc., and SAFE KIDS. This program teaches kids the importance of staying hydrated while playing sports. Gatorade loves Racing Gatorade has become a huge influence on NASCAR racing by becoming a huge sponsor. They introduced the G.I.D.S. (Gatorade In-Car Drinking System) to give drivers fluids during long races. Makes getting fluids easier Gatorade is able to advertise heavier now during a sporting event that has a huge fan base that increases every year. Expansion Strategies of Gatorade in India Diversification Strategy: Gatorade as US Company will use Diversification strategy in India because it is new product for Indian customers and the market is also new for Gatorade. So for the growth of the product in the new market in order to make people aware of the Gatorade products for increasing market share diversification strategy will be used by Gatorade company. Under the direction of the Quaker Oats company, Gatorades distribution was increased and new flavours have been added. This also included an advertising and promotion campaign held in conjunction with the NBA (National Basketball Association) Championship. Pricing Strategies for Gatorade in India Skimming Pricing: Selling a product at a high price, sacrificing high sales to gain a high profit, therefore skimming the market. Gatorade use skimming pricing strategy in India as they have targeted mostly athletic so they can charge high because of their new product in the Indian market as a division of PepsiCo Company. So skimming pricing strategy can be used by Gatorade Company for Indian market. Competition based pricing: Setting the price based upon prices of the similar competitor products. Competitive pricing is based on three types of competitive product: Products have lasting distinctiveness from competitors product. Here we can assume The product has low price elasticity The product has low cross elasticity The demand of the product will rise Products have perishable distinctiveness from competitors product, assuming the product features are medium distinctiveness. Products have little distinctiveness from competitors product. assuming that: The product has high price elasticity The product has some cross elasticity No expectation that demand of the product will rise Gatorade is priced slightly lower than its main competition, PowerAde. PepsiCo keeps very close control over the pricing of its products, ensuring that every channel member makes a profit. Product promotion for Gatorade is focused in three areas, media advertising, event sponsorship, and contests. The main competitor for Gatorade is the Coca-Cola product, PowerAde. Currently Gatorade seems to have the upper hand because it is experiencing sales growth while PowerAde is not expecting any growth. Gatorade keeps its competitive edge through product innovation. Current Trends Despite aggressive competition, Gatorade was able to maintain its market share in 1997 and make further inroads into foreign markets. The company cited the addition of new flavours in addition to packaging changes, promotions, and scrutinized distribution. Among these were the Cherry Rush, Strawberry Kiwi, and Mmmmandarina flavours, added in 1996. Prior to that, three new flavours, aimed at women athletes, were introduced-Alpine Snow, Glacier Freeze, and White water Splash. Global Presence For many years, Gatorade was primarily a United States phenomenon. In 1992 Quaker Oats decided to distribute the beverage worldwide. The theory was that the drink would be equally successful outside the United States because no other sports beverage because of its distinct scientific formulation and market position is more poised to take advantage of a worldwide opportunity. The company continues to work at expanding distribution beyond the United States, particularly in Latin America and the Pacific Rim countries. More than $20 million was spent on expansion in 1996, resulting in sales of $283 million in more than 45 nations. The number of countries in which the sports drink was sold increased by 10 over the previous year. Worldwide sales increased 19 percent internationally, reflecting growth in both Latin America and Italy. In 1997 international sales climbed 18.7 percent to $335.2 million. By 1998 the company was the worlds leading manufacturer of sports beverages, with Gatorade being sold in 47 countries around the world. The number one sports drink in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Italy, Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia, Indonesia and the Philippines, Gatorade is also one of the leading sports drink brands in Korea and Sport Drink Gatorade is marketed not merely as a tasty drink, but as a carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage designed to provide rapid rehydration. How does it work? Well, all food and beverages are absorbed by the small intestine, and Gatorade claims that its 6-percent carbohydrate level and small amount of sodium are ideal for rapid fluid absorption. By comparison, beverages with a higher percentage of carbohydrates, such as fruit drinks and soft drinks, are said to slow the absorption rate of fluids. Gatorade points out that the salt and sugar in Gatorade stimulates people to drink more fluid voluntarily. Current Strategy Target Market Athletes Males 18 to 24 Focused on Point of Sweat Getting to Market TV Ads /ESPN Sports Venues cups, coolers, billboards Sports Magazines Limited Radio Sponsored Events Celebrity Endorsements High School Athlete of the Year Current Market Facts Part of PepsiCo Control 80% 90% of Market Share in North America 1.5 Billion dollar brand Competition PowerAde (Coke) Private Label Isotonic Sports Drinks Water View of Future State Create Brand Loyalty Younger generation Increase market share New Market Non-athletes How Do they Attract Youth? Parenting Magazines Emphasize health benefits of the active child Kids Magazines Sports Illustrated for Kids, Seventeen, etc. Internet Pop Ups / Websites Nick Jr., Discovery Kids, Disney TV Ads on Kids Programming Target Youth Endorsements appealing to the younger child Dora the Explorer, Sponge Bob Video game background banners Form strategic partnerships with other companies, Ex. EA Sports Continue celebrity endorsements aimed at pre-teens/teens Derek Jeter Mia Hamm Supporting Facts Current National Trend is to Decrease Childhood Obesity Overweight children 9 million (3x that of 1980) Children dehydrate faster that adults Instill brand recognition at an early age Studies show taste promotes more consumption with kids Attracting a New Market Non-Athletes Home Improvement Contractors Do-It-Yourselfers Construction Workers SWOT Analysis of Gatorade Strengths Gatorade is the market leader in the sport drink category, dominating the main competition of PowerAde. Gatorade has science to back up their product and it is proven to excel and maintain physical performance during competition. It is the field of play in many professional sports, which means not is it on television, but it is also proven to work at the highest level. A wide array of athletes endorses the Gatorade message from virtually every type of sport. Not only are those, but nearly every one of their athletes proven winners which instils additional credibility in the brand. Gatorade has a loyal consumer base and their brand is held in high regard. This gives them flexibility to expend into other products meant to help athletes. Weaknesses There may be too many varieties and flavours of the Gatorade product, which might ultimately, might confuse and annoy customers. Gatorade also does not have an energy drink and do not have lot of potential to make one because it could lead to dehydration. Work needs to be done in these two areas and they can heal the few weaknesses they have. Opportunities If Gatorade can develop a unique blend that would provide additional energy and keep athletes hydrated it would certainly give them an edge. Adding one athlete from the mixed martial arts (MMA) could help them expand quite a bit. Since MMA has recently boomed in the sports world as the new, exciting form of entertainment. They could also add a vitamin-enhanced hydrator to complete with brands like vitamin water that take some of their target market. Gatorade also has some products listed on their website that have some potential like protein shakes, but they are not promoted as much. Threats New energy drinks flavours present a threat to Gatorade because it is also appealing to the target market of 18-24 year old males. The currency economy also has an effect on what people will consider to buy the grocery store. Finally, Gatorade has to worry about their brand plateauing and losing interest in their target market. Suggestions and recommendations I would like to give certain suggestions to the Gatorade company which are as follows: Gatorade Company targeted mainly athletics and sports persons and there exist a huge potential in the market for them so they should also have targeted other segments in order to have more market share. In India they use skimming pricing approach by which they can charge high prices but if they charge less by reducing the price of the Gatorade products they can increase their sales which give them maximum profits. In Indian market they should have created more awareness among the peoples as less number of peoples knows about the Gatorade brand. For promotion in Indian market they should have used celebrity endorsement such as cricketers or Bollywood stars as they use Michael Jordan for the promotion of their energy drink products. They should have also made the Gatorade products for the rural India as more than 70% of the sector is unorganised and there exist huge potential for growth. Conclusion References GATORADES EXPENSION INTO INTERNATIONAL MARKET-BY-MOHD FAHAD

Africas FDI Inflow 1980-2003 Analysis

Africas FDI Inflow 1980-2003 Analysis CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION Foreign Direct Investment (henceforth FDI) is one of the most important integral parts of todays highly talked about global economy. The enormous growth of FDI towards developing countries over the past few decades has ignited a huge interest from researchers in both economics and finance fields. A number of studies have been undertaken with the aim to empirically examine what motivates firms to be involved in cross-border investments and what motivates countries to undertake different policy reforms and other measures in pursuit of attracting FDI. There is a consensus among FDI researchers that FDI can improve the recipient countrys development in various ways even when foreign firms do not provide externalities. The benefits of FDI to recipient countries are not ambiguous. FDI is seen as a solution to a countrys economic woes by providing the most needed foreign capital that boosts the economic activities of a host country. According to Goldberg (2000), FDI leads to transfer of tec hnology and other skills from foreign firms to local firms. It is through FDI that supplementary resources such as capital, management, technology and personnel become available to host countries. These resources may stimulate existing economic activities in a host country, encourage internal competition, and raise the level of national output. The presence of foreign producers is primarily believed to benefit the host countrys citizens by introducing a variety of new products into the domestic market, which are of superior quality and lower prices. Most importantly, FDI is a channel through which recipient countries gain access to international financial markets and earn foreign exchange. FDI creates a number of employment opportunities as foreign entities establish business units in various locations throughout the host country and relatively higher wage rates are offered. Backward linkages and spillovers are secondary benefits of FDI enjoyed by the recipient countries. Spillovers spur strong growth in industries into which FDI flows, especially when the competition between domestic and foreign firms is efficient. Foreign firms also go into joint ventures with domestic firms and a large percentage of profits generated through such collaborations are ploughed back into the domestic market, thereby contributing to the host countrys macroeconomic growth and development without necessarily providing externalities. Externalities provide another form of benefits that FDI recipient countries enjoy. The existence of foreign direct investors spawns the seepage of managerial, personnel, and technological expertise from the foreign to domestic companies. For instance, Old Mutual plc training programme in South Africa may benefit the South African insurance and financial sectors as a whole. It is because of the above-mentioned benefits that developing countries are actively embarking on measures involving macroeconomic as well as socio-political reforms with clear intentions of advancing their investment climate to attract FDI on a large scale and achieving sustained economic growth. Developing countries have formerly depended on loans and official development assistance as a source of foreign capital, principally provided by international agencies such as the World Bank and OECD countries. However, the flow of such funds from these institutions has been declining. For instance, Asiedu (2002) reports that financial assistance to Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) fell from 6% in 1990 to just 3.8% in 1998 and foreign aid per capita fell from an average of $35 for the period 1989-92 to $2 for the period 1993-97. It is in situations like this, that FDI plays a pivotal role as an alternative source of foreign capital for the developing world. For developing and the least developed countries that are making efforts to attract FDI as a way to enhance their economic growth and hence their sustained development, it is particularly essential to identify and comprehend the prime factors that shape FDI inflows as they apply to each country in particular. Since FDI plays a pivotal role in the growth dynamics of a country, a number of factors that are believed to influence FDI inflows towards developing countries have been intensely investigated. Among these factors the following have been most frequently considered: exchange rate volatility, market size, GDP growth, trade openness, infrastructure development, country size (also size of economy), per capita GDP, quality of the labour force, labour cost, inflation, return on capital, export orientation, political stability. Such analysis has immediate policy relevance as it identifies areas of comparative advantage that these countries should favour in terms of resource allocation . 1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The main aim of this study is to carry out an empirical investigation of the factors explaining FDI inflows to South Africa over the period 1980-2003. The review of previous theoretical research and the review of previous empirical evidence are means to this end. 1.3 THE STRUCTURE OF A PAPER The structure of this paper is as follows: Chapter 2 provides a review of both the theoretical and empirical literature on factors believed to be the major driving force behind inward FDI activities for host countries. In Chapter 3, the paper provides an overview of the South Africas macroeconomic performance, FDI regulatory framework currently in place and incentives provided by the government to foreign investors. Chapter 4 discusses the data set and econometric methods used to carry out time series analysis for the study. The data and variable specifications are also described and clarified in this chapter. Chapter 5 reports and discusses the econometric results. A summary of findings, conclusions and policy implications are presented in Chapter 6. CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF FDI LITERATURE 2.1 INTRODUCTION The main aim of this chapter is to present theories of FDI as developed by previous research and review the empirical evidence on the determinants of FDI. Before these are considered in more details, a brief overview of the definition of FDI and related concepts is provided. Given that FDI has direct effects on the economic growth of the host country, a specific section provides a brief exploration of the relationship between FDI and growth. 2.2 FDI: DEFINITION AND CONCEPTS In its archetypal form, FDI is conventionally defined as the physical investment made by acquiring foreign assets such as land and factory buildings with operational control residing with the parent company (Buckley, 2004). The definition can be extended to include such investments that seek to exercise considerable influence on the management of the foreign entity. A parent company is required to hold at least 10% of the ordinary shares or voting rights in order to exercise control over an incorporated foreign company. An ownership stake of less than the stated 10% is regarded as foreign portfolio investment and does not qualify as FDI. FDI made by transnational companies (TNCs) is an indication of internal growth and it can be made in the form of greenfield investment or mergers and acquisitions. Greenfield FDI refers to an investment where a new entity is established in a foreign location. It entails formation of completely new production facilities in the recipient country (Eun and Resnick, 2007). Cross-border mergers and acquisitions are twofold. On one hand, they involve merging both domestic and foreign companies into one bigger company. On the other hand, they involve an acquisition of a domestic company by a foreign company. FDI is beneficial for the host country as it is a channel through which foreign capital and new technology are provided. FDI is regarded as a stimulus for economic activities and accelerated growth. The OECD (2002) describes FDI as a catalyst for speeding up the development process. Nevertheless, a recipient country must display a certain standard of development before it attracts FDI. Dunning (1977, 1979) identifies fundamental factors including firm specific and host country specific advantages that must be met before FDI occurs. These advantages are discussed in detail below. 2.3 FDI AND ECONOMIC GROWTH A number of empirical studies have analysed the relationship between FDI and the economic growth of a host country. Lipsey (2000) finds that FDI and economic growth are positively correlated. Abwona (2001) urges that the effects of FDI on growth may vary between countries, as not all countries are at the same level of development. Lim (2001) points out that FDI positively affects economic growth of a host country by transferring advanced technology from the industrialized to developing economies (Lim, 2001, p.3). Conceptually, FDI increases GDP growth because it increases the amount of goods and services produced in a host country. Benefits of FDI are only evident in increased level of output because of the host countrys ability to absorb technological spillovers from foreign firms. This, therefore, suggests that the positive contribution of FDI on growth is conditional upon the recipient countrys absorptive capacity of all the benefits that FDI brings. Much as there is general awareness that FDI influences economic growth, there is no general agreement on the causal relation between FDI and economic growth. De Mello (1997) argues that the relationship could run either way, as the prospects of economic growth make the host country more attractive to FDI. Once operational in a host country, FDI enhances growth by allowing the host country to integrate new inputs and technology to expand production. 2.4 THEORIES OF FDI In a study of TNCs, Hymer (1976) explains that because foreign TNCs have offsetting monopolistic advantages over domestic companies, they are able to compete with domestic companies that are in a better position with regard to knowledge and understanding of the domestic market. Kindleberger (1969) who suggests that these advantages should be adequate to tower over limitations and must be company specific reiterates this. According to Hymer (1976) and Kindleberger (1969), these advantages can be in the form of access to ownership patents, technological expertise, managerial expertise, marketing skills, etc. These skills should be scarce or completely unavailable to domestic companies. The basis of the argument here is on the theory of market imperfections in factor markets and product differentiation. In circumstances where market imperfections exist, firms find it rewarding to engage in cross-border direct investment instead of exporting to foreign markets or licensing. In this way, they can fully utilize their monopolistic market supremacy (Assefa and Haile, 2006). In the same year as Hymer (1976), Buckley and Casson (1976) developed the internalization theory. This theory stipulates that in some instances it is desirable for TNCs to refrain from licensing and to choose cross-border direct engagement over exporting. FDI occurs when TNCs undertake an internal operation rather than a market operation. TNCs internalize their activities to circumvent impediments presented to them by the external market. These impediments arise because of market flaws such as lack of managerial expertise, human capital, etc. The benefits of internalization include both time and cost savings. According to Moosa (2002), the rationale behind internalization is the persistence of externalities in both goods and factor markets. However, Rugman (1980) disapprove of the internalization theory by contesting that it cannot be empirically analysed. Twelve years after introducing internalization theory, Buckley (1988) came back to warn that the theory cannot be directly analy sed, claiming that the theory needs to be modified in order to allow rigorous analysis. He urges that there is still a room to develop advanced theories that can be empirically tested. Another line of study dealing with factors influencing FDI is based on Vernons (1979) product life cycle hypothesis. Assefa and Haile (2006) and Udo and Obiora (2006) relate their studies to Vernons product life cycle to explain that FDI is a stage in the life cycle of a new product from innovation to maturity. Home production is unique and strategic for some time, after which the new product reaches maturity and looses uniqueness. New similar products also enter the market and intensify competition. At this stage, the firms would then replicate the home production in lower cost foreign locations that offer cost benefits to the firm. The lower cost that can be achieved by producing in foreign locations can be due to cheaper factors of production and complementary government policies. Dunning (1993) develops an eclectic theory which is referred to as OLI framework. OLI is the short name for ownership, location and internalization advantages. In his theory, Dunning identifies three sets of advantages that must be met for a firm to get involved in foreign direct investment. The first set is ownership advantages, which entail technological expertise, patents, marketing skills, managerial capabilities and the brand name. A TNC must have these firm specific advantages over its rivals in a foreign location. In the absence of these advantages, the firm will be exposed to fierce competition from its rivals in the market it serves. The second set of advantages that must be met is the location advantages, which Dunning (1993) explains as the degree to which the foreign location is more favourable to invest in. Examples of these advantages are an abundance of natural resources, exceptional infrastructure development, political and macroeconomic stability. These advantages s hould be adequate to validate investment in a preferred foreign location. The third set of advantages is internalization benefits. The ability of a TNC to internalize its operations is the manner in which it enters foreign location. According to Dunning (1993), this could be by a greenfield project, product licensing or acquisition of foreign assets as long as it fits the management strategy, the nature of the firms business and the firms long-term strategic plan. Another rationale for FDI to occur is embodied in the in the industrial organization hypothesis (IOH) (Tirole, 1988). This hypothesis presupposes that there are various potential uncertainties that a TNC faces in foreign markets. The uncertainties may be political, religious, social, cultural and so on. If the firm decides to establish a subsidiary in a foreign location despite these uncertainties then the benefits accrued should be adequate to outweigh these obvious risks and restrictions. Lall and Streeten (1977) emphasize the importance of marketing and managerial skills, availability and ownership of capital, production technologies, scale economies and access to raw materials. They also put forward that FDI occurs because of the complexity of trading intangible assets abroad. Examples of these untradeable intangible assets include a TNCs organizational ability, executive skills, position in foreign financial markets and a well-established network with different government burea ucrats. 2.5 MOTIVES FOR FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT Assefa and Haile (2006) assert that the ownership and internalization advantages as developed in Dunning (1993) eclectic theory are firm specific advantages, while location advantages are regarded as host country qualities. Firms choose locations where all these advantages can be combined together to advance the firms long-term profitability. Asiedu (2002) and Dunning (1993) distinguish the motives of FDI as either market seeking or non-market seeking (efficiency and resource seeking). According to Dunning (1993), a market seeking FDI is that which aims at serving the domestic and regional markets. This means that goods and services are produced in the host country, sold and distributed in the domestic or regional market (Asiedu, 2002). This kind of FDI is therefore, driven by host country characteristics such as market size, income levels and growth potential of the host market and so on. A non-market seeking FDI can either be classified as resource/asset seeking and/or efficiency s eeking. Resource seeking FDI aims at acquiring resources that may not be available in the country of origin. Such resources may comprise natural resources, availability and productivity of both skilled and unskilled labour forces as well as availability of raw materials. Efficiency seeking FDI aims at reducing the overall cost of factors of production especially when the firms activities are geographically scattered (Dunning, 1993). This allows the firm to exploit scale and scope economies as well as diversify risks. Apart from the economic factors that are believed to be the major motivation for FDI, the host countrys FDI policy also plays a major role in attracting or deterring FDI. This therefore, suggests a need for the host country to develop policies that provide a conducive environment for business if the authorities believe in the benefits of FDI. This necessitates a regular monitoring of the activities of TNCs and an acceptance by the host government that, if FDI is to make its best contribution, policies that were appropriate in the absence of FDI may require amendments in its pr esence. For example, macroeconomic policies may need to be altered in order to provide a favourable climate for FDI. Stronger competition as a result of FDI may also induce a host government to operate an effective and efficient competition policy. 2.6 EMPIRICAL LITERATURE There is an extensive empirical literature on the determinants of FDI. A large share of this literature focuses on the pull factors or, equivalently, on the host countrys location advantages. Given the increasing flows of FDI towards developing countries, especially in Asia, most academic researchers have been poised to investigate what factors influence flows of FDI into those countries. The African continent instead remains under researched, especially a country such as South Africa, which is regarded by many as one of the economic giants of the continent. The following studies have attempted to examine the link between FDI and predictor variables such as market size, GDP growth, inflation, exchange rate, political stability and many more. Goldar and Ishigami (1999) use panel data techniques to empirically analyse the determinants of FDI for 11 developing countries of East, Southeast and South Asia for the years 1985-1994. The authors estimate two separate models, one for Japanese FDI and the other for total FDI flowing towards these countries. They report a strong positive relationship between the size of the economy and FDI inflows for the two models. They also find a positive relationship between FDI inflows and the exchange rate. Intuitively, this suggests that lower exchange rates should make the host countrys exports more competitive in foreign markets and therefore act as an important factor for attracting FDI. Interestingly, Goldar and Ishigami (1999) report contrasting results for the relationship between FDI inflows, domestic investment and trade openness for the two models. They find both domestic investment and trade openness to be significant determinants for the Japanese FDI model but the authors fail to find support for the two variables for the total FDI model. Market size has generally been accepted as an important factor influencing FDI by many empirical studies. In a cross-country empirical study, Chakrabarti (2001) finds strong support for market size as an important determinant of FDI. He further reports that the relationship between FDI and other explanatory variables, such as trade openness, tax, wages, the exchange rate, the GDP growth rate and the trade balance is highly sensitive to small changes in these variables. That is, a small change in these variables is likely to deter or increase FDI inflows with a large magnitude. Campos and Kinoshita (2003) use two trade related variables to examine the extent to which trade openness influences FDI inflows for 25 countries in transition between 1990 and1998. The authors employ an external liberalization index and trade dependence as proxies for trade openness. They argue that, the greater degree of trade openness does not only increase international trade, but also increases FDI inflows. Chang et al. (2009) also study the importance of trade openness in the economic growth of a country. They use a sample of 82 countries from all over the world for the period 1960-2000. They conclude that trade openness, used in conjunction with complementary trade policies, enhances economic growth through increased FDI inflows into a country. Their finding further bolsters the position of trade openness as an important determinant of FDI. Root and Ahmed (1979) seek to analyse the determinants of manufacturing FDI in 58 developing countries for the period 1966-1970. They classify these determinants under three categories: economic, social and political. Among the four important economic variables they study, infrastructure, per capita GDP and GDP growth rate appear to be important predictor variables while the absolute of size of GDP does not help to predict FDI. They also put forward that foreign investors view long-term political stability and the extent of urbanization as important factors when choosing the location for their investments. Nunnenkamp (2002) adopts Spearman correlations to study the relationship between FDI and its determinants for 28 developing countries between 1987 and 2000. His findings show that variables such as GDP growth rate, entry restrictions, post-entry restrictions, market size, infrastructure and quality of the labour force, as measured by the years of schooling, have no effect on FDI inflows. However, he also reports positive effects on FDI of non-traditional factors such as factor costs. That is, the cheaper costs of factors of production, like lower costs of raw materials and lower costs of labour, are essential for attracting efficiency-seeking FDI. Tsai (1991) presents an opposing view by arguing that in Taiwan FDI inflows have increased with increasing labour costs. His findings suggest that in Taiwan, there are far more important determinants of FDI than cheaper costs of factors. Indeed Tsai (1991) observes that for the years 1965-1985, Taiwans economic performance was spectacular, with an expanding domestic market and purchasing power of the economy as measured by rising GDP per capita. Singh and Jun (1995) look into three determinants of FDI in developing countries. They pay particular attention to socio-political stability, favourable business operating conditions and export orientation. They employ other macroeconomic variables as control factors. The authors use a political risk index (PRI) developed by Business Environment Risk Intelligence, S.A (BERI, 2009), as a measure of socio-political instability. When used in conjunction with traditional determinants of FDI such as GDP growth rate and per capita GDP, PRI appears to be highly associated with FDI for 31 developing countries for the period 1970-1993. Schneider and Frey (1995) also find political instability to be a significant deterrent of FDI for 54 less developed countries, considered over three different years 1976, 1979 and 1980. Furthermore, Singh and Jun (1995) employ an operation risk index (ORI) also developed by BERI, S.A, and taxes on international trade and transactions (ITAX). They further find that ORI is highly associated with FDI flows and has a positive sign. ITAX is also reported as an important determinant of FDI. They also find export orientation to be highly related to FDI flows, especially manufacturing exports. Asiedus (2002) investigation on the determinants of FDI in 71 developing countries provides further evidence of the importance of these extensively studied FDI determinants. Asiedu goes a little further to assess whether the same determinants of FDI have a similar impact on FDI flowing towards Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) between 1980 and 1998. After a detailed analysis, she concludes that factors influencing FDI in other developing countries do not necessarily have a similar impact on FDI flows to SSA. She notes that infrastructure development and a high return on capital influence FDI flows towards developing countries in other continents, but the same factors have no influence on FDI flows towards SSA. Bende-Nabende (2002) also undertakes a study probing into the determinants of FDI flows towards 19 SSA countries for the period 1970-2000. In this study, market growth, trade liberalization and export orientation turn out to be important factors explaining why countries are able to attract foreign investors. Obwona (2001) argues that the Ugandan market size has been one of the driving forces behind FDI flows into the Ugandan economy between 1975 and 1991. Yasin (2005) uses panel data from a sample of 11 SSA countries for the period 1990-2003. His findings lead to the conclusion that official development assistance (ODA), trade openness, growth of the labour force and the exchange rate are important determinants of FDI, while his findings do not suggest that the growth rate of per capita GDP, a political repression index and a composite risk index have explanatory power. Ahmed et al. (2005) examine the composition of capital flows between 1975 and 2002, to assess if South Africa is different from 81 other emerging markets. They classify relevant factors into macroeconomic performance, investment environment, infrastructure and resources, quality of institutions, financial development and global factors. The authors argue that some factors influencing capital flows are limited to particular forms of capital, while other factors have comparable effects on FDI, bond and equity flows. They further assert that the more open the economy is to international trade, the richer it is in natural resources, and the fewer barriers to profit repatriation it has, the more likely it is to attract FDI on a large scale. The implication of this study is that South Africa should ease its capital controls in order to avoid deterring FDI. South Africa is currently allowing repatriation of profits only within six months (Ahmed et al., 2005). The agglomeration effect is another important factor that can be used to explain why countries that have attracted FDI in the past still receive a large share of it. Notable magnitudes of existing FDI stocks in recipient countries tend to attract more FDI inflows (Lim, 2001). Foreign investors incorporate the size of the existing FDI stocks in their decisions as they seek locations where to expand their operations. Campos and Kinoshita (2003) also confirm that for 25 countries in transition between 1990 and1998, foreign investors tend to locate where others are investing, as the decision by other firms implies a favourable atmosphere for investment offered by counties in which they locate. Asiedu (2003), Loree and Guisinger (1995) and Lee (2005) consider effective government policies, especially the monetary and fiscal policies, as important factors that can be used to effectively attract or deter FDI inflows. Loree and Guisinger (1995) use effective tax rates for 48 countries (classified into developed and developing countries) in 1977 and 1982. After finding the effective tax policy variable to be significant, they conclude that government policies are important and that policy reforms are likely to attract more FDI. Lee (2005) investigates some evidence on the effectiveness of policy barriers to FDI for 153 developing and developed countries between 1995 and 2001. He finds strong support for the proposition that restrictive public policies deter FDI inflows. Asiedu (2003) studies the effects of investment policy on FDI for 22 SSA countries over the period 1984-2000. Her findings show that governments can increase FDI flows by developing and implementing policies th at provide investor friendly environment.s CHAPTER 3: SOUTH AFRICAS MACROECONOMIC OVERVIEW, FDI REGULATORY FRAMEWORK AND INCENTIVES. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the South African macroeconomic performance over the period of study (1980-2003). This has been based on two regimes – the apartheid regime and the democratic regime. Other sections of the chapter are dedicated to the regulatory framework for FDI and the incentives offered to foreign investors by the South African government. 3.2 THE APARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA According to Lester et al.(2000), the pre-1994 period was one during which South Africa was politically unstable as a result of the racial discrimination philosophy (apartheid) that was adopted by the Nationalist government then in power. This created internal resistance by black South Africans, who protested against the racial discrimination practices. In 1960, the Nationalist government banned organizations such as the African National Congress (ANC) that represented black South Africans and this intensified demonstrations against the government. In response to the protests, the Nationalist government using armed forces, killed and arrested many black South Africans activists. These incidents drew attention from the international community, who condemned the repression against black South Africans by a Nationalist government that predominantly looked after the interests of white South Africans. These events also caused distress among foreign investors, who became sceptical of the p rospects of South Africas economic stability and the protection of their investments. This led to capital outflow, a mounting pressure on the South African rand in foreign exchange markets, effective economic sanctions and the isolation of South Africa from the rest of the world. Despite being blessed with an abundance of natural resources, especially gold, diamonds, platinum and other minerals, South Africa was not a favoured location for investment during this period. Political instability, investment insecurity and violation of human rights severely inhibited FDI. Realizing the challenges that came with economic isolation, the Nationalist government, in an attempt to uphold domestic capital growth, introduced incentives for import substitution industries such as car manufacturers and military equipment (Lester et al., 2000, p.187). Despite these attempts, this period saw South Africa undergoing falling investment, diminishing international reserves, sinking economic growth, soaring rates of inflation and lofty interest rates (Nowak, 2005). During this period, the economic performance was notably disappointing as investors left South Africa in search of other locations that offered better conditions for their investments. As shown in Table 3.1, the GDP growth rate was declining in some years with an average annual growth estimated at 1.44% per annum for the years 1980-1990. In addition, inflation and interest rates were continuously increasing with no signs of stabilising. All these were signals of loss of effective control of macroeconomic policies. Table 3.1: GDP growth, inflation and interest rates in South Africa for the period 1980-1990 Year 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 GDP annual % change 5.4 -0.4 -1.9 5

A Mothers Love :: essays research papers

A gentle hand reaches out; arms cradle a new entry in this complex world. A simple gesture, yet one that will come to signify an infallible bond between two, the bond of a mother’s love.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I knew early on that my life was not to follow the gentle streams and brooks of my choosing, yet was to go raging down the rivers of its own. I did not realize however, there was always to be a clearing in the turbulent waters, a hand extended to pull me out. Always reaching out, again and again I would grasp that same gentle hand that had pulled me up many a time before. I quickly came to see that there was always an avenue of escape, a crutch to lean on; time and time again that mothers love would come through.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I knew not what would posses this wonderful lady to do such a thing. Had she not problems of her own, responsibilities? I could only begin to imagine. My naà ¯ve thinking assumed this could not be. For how could it be that she could do all these things and still find time to assist my in my childish mannerisms? If only I could have known then what I was soon to learn.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As a child I yearned, as all children do, to stray, to venture and explore away from the nest. Why did I have to come in, take that bath, and not forget to brush those teeth, what seemed to be every two minutes? Why me? I was ready to take on the world. I could achieve, explore, and conquer. After all I was already at the well experienced age of at least well†¦ eight. What could there possibly be that I could not do? Nothing, I thought. Once again I was to prove myself wrong, a trend I now see all too familiar as I look back on life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Yet I was not to ready to conquer, I was ready to stumble, not able to climb to the top and very capable of the fall. Yet there she was, that gentle hand, the soft touch, ready to scoop me up and place me right back on my feet for another attempt. Somehow never doing, just leading me in the right direction. But in one way or another I would see that direction and choose to ignore it, I knew what she was doing but wasn’t going for it.

My Life :: essays research papers

To be given the chance to play little league was one of the greatest times of my life. I played little league for four years, and every year I made the all-star team. My best friend and I played on every regular season team and every all-star team together. The final game of our career was unforgettable. It had been 4 years of great enjoyment with my best friend, Cody Smith. We always clowned around in practice, but when the game would start we had a high intensity. Cody would pitch, and I would play second base. When he wasn’t pitching, I would, and he would play third base. We were the top players in little league, or so we thought. Our all-star team had made it to the championship of our state tournament. Before our team took the field our coach John Zamouski gave us a talk. He said, â€Å"Well men, we’ve came a long way. Today’s the day we’ve all practiced so hard for, but I want to have fun with it. Lets treat this like every other game we have won. You’re all winners, win or lose. I want you all to know that I feel privileged to have coached such a fine bunch of men. So lets go out and play this game as hard as you can. What do you say, lets go have FUN.† We all got up and yelled, â€Å"YEA.† â€Å"Let’s play hard.† â€Å"Yea† As we all got more pumped up. â€Å"Who are we?† â€Å"N.I.† As we got more loud and more intense. Coach said, â€Å"Bring it in. Win on 3. One, two, three† as we all yelled together â€Å"WIN.† As I ran on to that field I recalled all the practicing I had done, and I knew I owed most of it to my father. He started me throwing and hitting when I was about four-years-old. As my passion grew more and more I wanted to go practice all the time. So I would ask my father to practice with me. Even though my father was tired or in the middle of a good TV show he would practice with me. I remembered my father sitting on an old milk crate while I pitched to him. This made me chuckle a little because I would throw a low wild pitch on accident that would hit him in the legs, but he kept positive. Cody was pitching a 3 hitter and I was playing well too. The score kept going back and forth. There were a lot of errors because the field was all dirt and

Multifunction printer Essay

Everyone would hold that instruction is a cardinal manner of life. A agency to larn something new. It’s purpose is to mentally. physically. and emotionally profit the individual by seting them in a better topographic point so they were antecedently in earlier. From the beginning of times people have relied and survived on past pedagogues. There are many people that contribute to a persons instruction. Get downing off as a immature kid most of the information retrieved comes from place through parents. and loved 1s. As they move into striplings larning is obtained from multiple people including instructors. friends. and even through their milieus. An ideal instruction promotes knowledge while integrating valuable information that can be used to assist in mundane life. â€Å"-Education is the procedure of geting cognition. † True instruction comes in many different signifiers. Granted it is of import to analyze the basic academic classs including reading. composing. arithmetic. scientific discipline. and societal surveies which all will assist put a strong foundation for the pupil. It is every bit merely as important that the pedagogue offer alternate information for the wellbeing of the pupil. Education should construct non merely on the text that lies within a book. but should besides touch base with mundane life. Short essay on the Importance of instruction Education is an of import human activity. It was born with the birth of the human race and shall go on to work every bit long as the human race lives. The importance of instruction may be summed up as under. Highlights 1. An indispensable human virtuousness. 2. A necessity for society. 3. Important for integrating of separate entities. 4. Gives significance of life. 5. Educated work forces are. superior. Aristotle 6. Sign of freedom. Epictetus 7. A controlling grace. Diogenes 8. Footing of good life. 1. An indispensable homo virtuousness Education is an indispensable human virtuousness. Man becomes ‘man’ through instruction. He is what instruction makes him. It has been justly said that without instruction. adult male is a glorious slave. concluding barbarian. 2. A necessity for society Education is necessary for society. Education manners and theoretical accounts adult male for society. Man can non be conceived simply in footings of his biological being. Education brings into concentrate the societal facet of adult male. Education signifies man’s supreme place in society. 3. Important for the integrating of separate entities An person is made up of different entities. Education brings about the integrating of these separate entities. 4. Gives significance of life Education teaches what adult male lives and struggles for. It cultivates an incorporate life. By so making. it gives significance of life. 5. Educated work forces are superior Education is a mark of high quality. Aristotle wrote. â€Å"Educated work forces are as much higher-up to uneducated as the life are to the dead. † 6. Sign of freedom Education is a mark of freedom. Epictetus had declared. â€Å"Only the educated are free. † 7. A commanding grace Diogenes felt that â€Å"Education is a commanding grace to the immature. solace to the old wealth to the hapless and ornament to the rich. † 8. Footing of good life Education is an indispensable footing of good life. A adult male becomes a human being in the existent sense when he is transformed from chiefly an carnal being into a human being. In short. instruction is an indispensable accompaniment of all human societies. â€Å"What sculpture is to a block of marble. instruction is to the soul† . says Addison. Education is an of import thing for everyone in this universe and everyone should acquire educated. From my prospective I think that instruction is non merely by traveling to school. instruction can go on by a batch of ways. When your household learn you what you should make and how to make some things that’s instruction. A batch of people are traveling to school every twenty-four hours but they are non acquiring anything or they do still non understand a batch of things. I think that instruction has to hold some regulations and ways to direct the message and the instruction that you want to direct to the people that you are educating. So how can we do certain that we are acquiring a good instruction in our life? I guess the first thing that person should make to acquire a good instruction is by taking a good school. Choosing a school that is known by its pupils that get good classs and instructors that are really professional is a good manner to do certain that you are acquiring a good instruction. A batch of states have a bad or non so good instruction system and if person is populating in a state like that and he or she wants a good instruction possibly he or she should happen another state to analyze at. A batch of people come to the US because the instruction system here is good and it’s better than a batch of states. Another manner to do certain that we get good instruction is us. I mean we should do certain that we study. make our prep and remain focused in category. If person is traveling to school but he is non analyzing or maintaining path of what is go oning in category this means that he is non acquiring any benefits or â€Å"education† . We have to develop our ain ways of analyzing and have a day-to-day agenda for prep. A batch of people are acquiring educated in this universe but a large per centum of them are non caring about the good instruction that they have when there are a batch of people that are non acquiring any instruction. We should take attention with our instruction and at the same clip we should do certain that we are acquiring a good instruction. . A Feasibility Study on Photocopying and General Merchandise is widely used in concern. instruction. and authorities. There have been anticipations that photocopiers will finally go disused as information workers continue to increase their digital papers creative activity and distribution and rely less on administering existent pieces of paper. However. photocopiers are undeniably more convenient than computing machines for the really common undertaking of making a transcript of a piece of paper. As a group we have decided to take a photocopying centre as our nature of concern for this feasibleness survey. Through out our brainstorming. certain thoughts were raised as to why we arrived to this sort of concern. Our chief ground for establishing our feasibleness survey in this sort of concern is our patronage. As pupils. we have considered our ain demands. It is inevitable for us to run off certain faculties for each of our topics. photocopy research stuffs for our assignments and other extra information for our lessons and photocopy missed lessons. We have besides considered the demands of our instructors. they besides have the demand to reproduce tests for their pupils. reproduce referees and reproduce their ain researches for their lesson programs. Chiefly. the group has considered the demand of our patronages to run off and reproduce of import paperss Preview of the essay: A Feasibility Study on Photocopying and General Merchandise In 1937 Bulgarian physicist Georgi Nadjakov found that. when placed into an electric field and exposed to visible radiation. some insulators get lasting electric polarisation in the open countries. That polarisation persists in the dark and is destroyed in visible radiation. Chester Carlson. the discoverer of run offing. was originally a patent lawyer. every bit good as a parttime research worker and discoverer. His occupation at the patent office in New York required him to do a big figure of transcripts of of import documents. Carlson. who was creaky. found this to be a painful and boring procedure. As a consequence. he was motivated to carry on experiments with photoconduction. Carlson used his kitchen for his â€Å"electrophotography† experiments. and. in 1938. he applied for a patent for the procedure. He made the first â€Å"photocopy† utilizing a Zn home base covered with S. The words â€Å"10-22-38 Astoria† were written on a microscope slide. which was placed on top of more S and under a bright visible radiation. After the slide was removed. a mirror image of the words remained. Carlson tried to sell his innovation to some companies. but. because the procedure was still developing †¦ †¦ operation manual of the equipment. Therefore. the demand for employees with high educational attainment is non necessary. As such. the undertaking may so promote the employed persons in gaining income to prolong the demands of their mundane life. Taxes Taxes are fiscal duty of a certain concern to the authorities. Issued licenses and licences are being paid yearly and collected by the local authorities of Alaminos City. The sum collected will so use for community enhancement plan and assorted development undertaking. The sum of authorization revenue enhancement depends on the nature of the concern. Supply of Commodities In most public offices. school or private houses. the necessity for run offing additions. The easy reproduction of of import paperss lessens the work burden. Since the concern already have long term equipment. monetary values will depend on the power ingestion and the monetary value of natural stuffs. Demand for Materials Since the undertaking operates in cardinal concern country. the demand for local stuffs will non be hard to obtain. Natural stuffs can be taken or be bought in nearby shops for stocks. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The EN6 Copy Station is named as such. because â€Å"EN6† is the class codification of Business Communication in La Conslacion University Philippines and with that ground. we named the proposed concern after the topic. As a rival in the printing industry. the proposed concern tends to be the taking copying station by supplying high quality. low-cost monetary value and speedy service to clients and by run intoing the demand and consumer satisfaction. It offers different copying services that most demand services EN6 Copy Center offer has the most demand services needed by the mark market such as Lamination. Scaning. Book Binding. and Desktop Publishing or Printing. The EN6 Copy Center is under Sole Proprietorship. owned and controlled by one person. The proposed country is accessible and strategically located in Diversion Road corner Diamond and Amethyst Street. City of Malolos. It has a measuring of â€Å"5?6† metres equivalent to 30 sqm. Selling FEASIBILITY The informations gathered from the conducted interviews and studies were analyzed and this information reveals that there are still an bing demand for copying service. TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY The proposed EN6 Copy Center is being prepared by the undermentioned production procedure. The methods to be used here were differentiated depending on the pressman to be used. Printer to be used will be determined by the volume. quality. and paper size specified by the client. FINANCIAL FEASIBILITY The entire cost estimated is Php 651. 000. 00 which will be provided by the proprietor. It is estimated that the undertaking will be able to bring forth adequate income to prolong its operation. The result of the concern operation. which will reflect the fiscal status. and hard currency flow of the concern are presented for 5 old ages. The advocates are besides confident that the proposed undertaking is profitable since the fiscal analysis shows positive and favourable consequence. XEROX/ PHOTCOPYING BUSINESS ( 2nd hand/ Re-con Xerox machine ) December 2008. damang Dama minute na ang simoy ng pasko! 13th month wage. Bonus. Gift cheque. Company Give aways etc. Buong taon KO pinaghirapan at pinagsikapang makaipon mula SA aking mga sinasahod midday bilang isang Macinist. Sa isip-isip ko†¦ malaki laking pera makukuha KO pag nagkataon na sapat parity sa napupusuan kong itayong negosyo. Ito ang mga pinag pilian midday na posible kong itayo: 1. COMPUTER SHOP 2. XEROX/ PHOTO COY BIZ 3. TAPSIHAN SA MUZON 4. BUY N’ SELL NG KOTSE 5. JUNKSHOP Matiaga kong pinag aralan kung Fatah Revolutionary Council Ba dapat Air National Guard itatayo KO. Ang napili ko†¦ † XEROX/ PHOTO COPY BIZ â€Å" . Kung inyong papansinin lahat ng balak kong itayong negosyo ay mura at abot kaya ng bulsa! Pero mas napusuan KO talag yung Xerox Biz. Ilalahad KO SA inyo Air National Guard mga bagay2x at tanong na pumasok SA aking isipan parity itayo KO Air National Guard ganitong negosyo. Tanong: Ano nga slam Produkto o Serbisyo ang kulang o wala sa aming lugar? Sagot: Xerox! Kung ikaw ay isang estudyante na walang libro at kailangan mong basahin Air National Guard ilang aralin SA libro di ba’t minsay naghiiram tayo SA ating schoolmate parity lang ipa-XEROX at magkaroon nanogram sarili nating kopya? Kung ikaw naman ay isang taong mag-aaply ng trabaho mapa lokal adult male o abroad Hindu ba’t isa SA mga demands ay ang mag dala nanogram ilang Xerox transcript nanogram iyong orihinal sodium dokumento? Kung ikaw ay isang taong nais lamang magkaroon ng maraming kopya nanogram isang orihinal sodium dokumento. Hindi ba’t nag papa-XEROX Ka? Hindi ka adult male madalas magpa- Xerox pero kung papansinin ninyo isa ito SA mga patok na Biz na hindi masyado napagtutunan ng pansin. Una. dahil akala nila ay â€Å"small time† lang ito O â€Å"mahal Air National Guard puhunan† . Lingid sa kaalaman nanogram madami isa ito SA mga magandang itayong negosyo foremost timer Ka adult male o Hindi. Dito sa aming lugar ay may magandang oprtunidad magtayo nanogram ganitong negosyo dahil 2 dad lang midday Air National Guard mayroong ganitong negosyo at sa 2 iyon ay sinubukan KO Air National Guard kanilang kalidad at dito KO napatunayan na malaki ang tsansa KO na higitan Air National Guard kanilang serbisyo. Tanong: Kung may kakumpitensya na pala ako 2 bakit dad ako magtatayo? Sagot: Dahil Malabo at Hindu maganda Air National Guard serbisyo nila! Paminsan-minsan ay scold dad Xerox blare ako Nung ako ay estudyante dad at nung nagta trabaho sodium. pinag tityagaan ko na lang kahit minsan ay Malabo O guhit guhit Air National Guard resulta ng kopya nila. â€Å"Kesa naman magpunta dad ako ng bayan at mamasahe dad! pagtyagaan ko na lang! † yanang problema KO SA kanila bukod dad SA mahal nilang singil na P1. 50-short P2. 50-long. Ang mahal di Ba? palibhasa’y no pick na ang mga Taoist SA amin kahit alam kong mura SA mga kalapit namin na bayan na P1- short at P1. 50 long eh. kesa naman mamasahe dad ako parity SA iilang piraso dito na lang! Dito ko naisip na gandahan ang serbisyo at murahan kumpara SA mga nauna nang nagtayo nanogram ganitong game SA aming lugar. Tanong: Maganda Ba Air National Guard aking lokasyon? Sagot: OO! Maganda naman Air National Guard lokasyon namin. katabi Kami ng National Highway. papunta ng Angono at Taytay. Tuwing umaga habang pinag mamasdan KO Air National Guard mga estudyante at mga empleyado at mga naghahanap ng trabaho. Naiisip ko na na sila Air National Guard â€Å"TARGET MARKET† KO. Sa aking palagay National Aeronautics and Space Administration tamang lokasyon Kami! malapit ang aming tindahan SA kung saan may mga terminal ng trike paakyat at pababa ng San Francisco Vill. Maliban pa doon na ang kanto donging iyon ay puno ng Taoist tuwing umaga parity SA mga papasok na empleyado o mga estudyanteng SA bandang maynila O sa Angono at Taytay adult male nag aaral. bukod dad SA sangkaterbang katabi namin na mga constitutions blare. Tanong: Anong scheme naman ang gagamitn KO parity makaakit ako ng mga mga Costumer? Sagot: Mura at magandang serbisyo! Sa aming lugar kasi mejo may kamahalan ang P2. 00 na paxerox parity SA short gayong may mura na 0. 50c sa bayan ng Angono at Taytay. Yun nga lang gagastos kapa ng pamasahe kaya pinag Ti tiyagaan na lang kahit mahal. Kaya naisip KO na murahan. tiningnan KO kung kaya SA PISO isang piraso na short. At sa aking pag-aaral kaya naman! Sa katunayan SA pisong ibabayad SA iyo ng mag-papaxerox SA iyo three-base hit Air National Guard tubo minute! Maliit na halaga kung titingnan pero kung iipunin minute lahat ng magiging tubo minute. aba’y JACKPOT Ka SA ganitong klaseng negosyo! Tanong: Ano Ba Air National Guard dapat kong bilihin na Xerox machine bago o 2nd manus? Sagot: 2nd manus ( muna kung di kaya ng bulsa na bumili ng bago ) ! Sa aking palagay Air National Guard pag dedesisyon kung 2nd manus O bago adult male Air National Guard iyong bibilhin ay nakadepende na sa iyo! Kung kaya ng bulsa minute nanogram bago walang problema! wala Ka stab masyado sakit ng ulo pagdating sa care. Kung balak mo naman bumili ng segundamano O † refurbished/ re-conditioned † wala donging problema. Para SA kindred mom pinili KO munang bumili ng 2nd hand/ re-con. . Una sa lahat dahil mom mura kesa sa bago. Kung sakali naman wala Ka stab alam kung Fatah Revolutionary Council magandang bilhin na re-con bibigyan KO knockout ng TIPS! Ok lang bumili o gumamit ng mga re-con sodium xerox kung wala kang kilala na marunong tumingin nanogram magandang klase aba’y wit basta2x padalos taro SA pagbili dahil Hindi birong halaga blare Air National Guard iyong ilalabas. Bumili sa mga malalaki at kilala na pagdating SA mga ganitong bagay. Tanong: Saan naman ako bibili nanogram murang Xerox? Sagot: Sa RECTO/ Internet! Saan naman ako bumili? Sa Manila. bahala ka na mamili kung saan at sino Air National Guard bibilhan minute. Sa bandang RECTO Air National Guard karamihan ng mga nagbebenta ng mga recon na xerox. Pwede rin mag hanap ka ONLINE! Muli. mag-ingat ng mabuti SA pagbili at pagpili! Tanong: Paano ako makakasiguro na ok ang binili kung foremost timer lang ako SA ganitong game? Sagot: Mag -research muna. magbasa ng forum/ web logs sa cyberspace. magtanong SA bibilihan minute! Kung sakaling bibili ka na ng xerox machine. maari Ka munang mag research SA cyberspace. magbasa ng mga web logs. O magtanong muna SA mga tindahan ng machine bago bumili Tanong: Tuturuan Ba nila ako kung paano mag operate nanogram xerox? Sagot: OO! Tuturuan ka naman nilang mag operate ng Xerox machine pati mga basic care! Tanong: Mahirap ba mag maintain ng XEROX MACHINE? Sagot: Hindi! Hindi naman ganoon kahirap mag maintain ng isang rhenium con na xerox. basta kung Anu ung tinuro SA iyo na paglilinis gawin minute. Ang simpleng alikabok kasi ay may malaking epekto sa public presentation nanogram machine lalo sodium at kung ang lugar nio ay maalikabok malaking bagay Air National Guard paglilinis lalo na ng mga SALAMIN SA loob ng machine! Pero nasa Iyo dad blare kung paano minute aalagan Air National Guard iyong machine. kung burara Ka at di minute na nalilinis Hindi nga talga tatgal SA iyo at baka sumakit lang ang ulo minute kakapa ayos. Sa ngayon ay may 2 re-con sodium ako na Xerox machine parehong theoretical account blare Air National Guard kinuha ko parity merely in instance masira adult male ung isa pedeng kahuyin ung parts bilang pamalit. Yung unang Xerox machine na nabili KO mahigit isang taon blare bago may nasirang parts sa kanya. Mayroong piyesa Air National Guard xerox na kung tawagin ay DRUM SA assembly na ito Air National Guard may ilang piyesa na sensitibo at may kamahalan pag nasira kung Hindi minute langing nililinisan ang iyon machine. Tanong: Kung sakaling masira may available ba na parts at madali Ba makakahanap nito? Sagot: OO! dun blare SA binilihan minute! Tanong: Madali Ba makahanap O makabili ng mga consumables? Sagot: OO! Madaling maghanap ng mga parts at consumables ng isang Xerox machine. Pero ingat SA pagbili lalo na kung pulverization Air National Guard bibilhin minute. Madami kasing lumalabas na POWDER ay Pekinese na madaling makasira nanogram parts ng machine. Bumili ng ORIG! may kamahalan pero sigurado Ka naman. Tanong: Mura Ba Air National Guard mga consumables nito? Sagot: OO! Tanong: Mura ba ang Re-con sodium XEROX? Sagot: OO! Depende SA bibilhin minute! Naglalaro ang monetary value nito mula 12k ( no reducing agent enlarger ) – 40+k ( stab volume o madamihan na ) . Yung unang Xerox machine na nabili KO na tumagal ng mahigit isang taon bago nakitaan ng mga simpleng pagkukumuni ay Php18. 000. 00 Tanong: Anong brand/ theoretical account Air National Guard magandang bilihin? Sagot: Ricoh FT3813 with reducing agent – enlarger Ok Air National Guard trade name na ito! bagay SA mga nagsisimula SA ganitong negosyo. mahalaga kung may reducer enlarger Air National Guard makukuha minute dahil minsan ay may mga client na nagpapalaki o magpapaliit nanogram kanilang dokumento. Madali din imaintenance Air National Guard ganitong theoretical account!

Native Americans vs. African Americans Essay

In today’s society there are many people living in poverty. All across America there are different projects and reservations where the less fortunate reside. Statistics show that mostly minorities live in these different locations. Native Americans and African Americans are two of the more popular races living in these places. The group suffering the most in these situations is the youth. Although both Native American and African American children living on a reservation or in the projects experience a terrible community, have little to no faith, and a broken family structure, African American youth living in the projects have it worse than Native American children living on a reservation. First, one of the most common living situations for less fortunate African Americans is in the projects. A project is a public living environment that is government owned. Although these buildings are government owned they are far from nice looking. Most of the buildings have no windows, are run down, dirty, and old. The government’s main goal is to maintain affordable housing not to make them the best looking homes in town. The projects aren’t a good environment for a child to be raised. Throughout these neighborhoods different gangs can be found. These gangs are built to defend the different areas in the projects. The gangs bring major violence to the area and are one of the main causes of death. At a young age children join these gangs and are raised to be violent. Many of them decorate the buildings they are living in with graffiti expressing their gang colors, symbols, or motto. In contrast, while Native American youth also live in poor housing, the environment is safer than the projects. A reservation is an area set aside for a specific type of land use or activity, or for use by a particular group of people, mostly Native Americans. Similar to the projects, houses on a reservation are old, beat down, and dirty. The houses on a reservation are government owned as well. Although these two locations are very similar they also differ. The reservation is a safer place then the projects. On the reservation there is a couple cases of mild violence but they aren’t as severe as the violence in the projects. Therefore, the reservations environment is a better environment than the projects. Secondly, many of the young people have no faith growing up in the projects. A lot of them believe their only way out of the projects is to become a basketball or football player or to become a top selling rap artist. At as young as sixteen years of age most African American males end up in jail, deceased, or selling drugs. A lot of them are also lead to believe that if they don’t do what every other man on the streets is doing, then they won’t make it anywhere in life. On the reservation the kids believe their only way out is to become NBA players or â€Å"powwowers†. Powwower’s are traditional Native American cheerleaders or dancers. Much like the African Americans growing up in the projects, the life expectancy rate for those living on a reservation is in the mid forties. Considering that both of these locations are in the United States mid forties is very young of age. Many of these people don’t live very long because they don’t have enough money to take care of themselves as well as their families. They also aren’t able to live a healthy lifestyle which shortens their days. Death is common in the two locations which leaves these two young groups wondering what’s beyond the age forty. Lastly, family structure is very important in a household. In the projects many of the homes lack a very strong family structure. Children growing up in the projects nine times out of ten don’t have both parents in the home. Most of them are drug dealers, alcoholics, prostitutes, or doing any and everything to try and provide for the child. Although these parents are trying to provide for their children a lot of the time they are also on welfare. Moreover, these children’s parents aren’t ever around, they sometimes go days without having anything to eat. Many of the young men follow after the footsteps of their father, older brother, or uncles which is why this cycle has continued for so long. Native Americans typically stick together as a unit. According to Sherman Alexie, an award winning author who grew up on a reservation, â€Å"Native American children are taught to be suspicious of Caucasian people. † Native Americans teach this to their children because there are many people in America that are against minorities and believe that just because they are the majority they’re better. A lot of the parents on a reservation go from job to job not being able to keep one job for a long period of time. Many of these parents are also alcoholics. On the other hand, some of these families on these reservations are very family oriented unlike the African American families in the projects. These Native American families have up to seventeen family members living in one house. They keep their families very close and are very supportive of one another rather then being against each other like African Americans. The parents watch over their children to make sure they don’t go down the wrong path in life. Although these families are experiencing hard times they cheer each other up and manage to smile every once in a while. Therefore, the Native Americans family structure is stronger then African Americans. In conclusion, Native American youth living on a reservation have it better then African American youth living in the projects. Both of these minorities are going through some hardships. From alcoholic parents to not having anything to eat they both are suffering as young children. Native American families provide a safer living environment, work harder, and look after one another, where as African Americans are against one another, on the streets all day, and are strongly associated with violence. As the years go on these families are hoping that the government will separate people in the projects and those living on reservations and provide them both with a better living situation. If these environments are separated the United States will be one step closer to eliminating violence in America.